Single File Libraries#

DEP #:	6
Type:	Standards Track
Author:	Carl Gay
Status:	Draft
Created:	12-Feb-2013 (Darwin’s birthday)
Last-Modified:	04-Dec-2021
Post-History:	04-Dec-2021 https://gitter.im/dylan-lang/general
Dylan-Version:	2020.1

Revision History#

The revision history of this document is available on GitHub: https://github.com/dylan-lang/website/commits/master/source/proposals/dep-0006-single-file-library.rst

Abstract#

Open Dylan currently requires users to create three source files to define a simple library like hello-world:

A project file (i.e., .lid file) to describe source files to include, link options, etc.
A library and module definition source file, often named library.dylan.
At least one source file for main program logic, in a module defined by the library definition.

This DEP proposes a standard way to define a Dylan library in a single source file. This DEP targets implementations of Dylan but does not propose a change to the Dylan language itself. In particular it is proposed as an enhancement for Open Dylan.

Rationale#

The three files described above are a lot of overhead for new users who want to get a feel for the language, who are generally used to creating a single file and running it directly, perhaps after compiling it. A simpler setup would provide a better initial experience for new users, and would help to make Dylan more attractive for “scripting” purposes. The mantra has been that Dylan was designed for large projects, but there’s no reason it can’t also excel at scripting, with this change and the right set of support libraries.

Note that even though the make-dylan-app program will generate a skeleton project with three files (and a registry), this does not remove the need to jump back and forth between the library definition file and the main source file as you figure out which modules you need to use. There is also the issue of new users figuring out that make-dylan-app exists in the first place, and what LID files are.

There are plenty of libraries that are small enough to comfortably fit in a single file. Of the existing libraries in the dylan-lang github repository, at least ten could comfortably fit in a single file.

Having a library in a single file simplifies sharing of examples and small tests. Indeed, one of the motivations for this feature was to be able to contribute Dylan solutions for the The Computer Language Benchmarks Game, which prefers to receive one file per solution. Obviously it is possible to explain to them about LID files and how to unpack and compile a multi-file solution for each problem, but it is more complex than it needs to be.

This DEP is only the first step to adding better support for scripting. More is needed, such as supporting “hash bang” lines (#!/usr/bin/dylan) and only recompiling when the source has changed.

Gwydion Dylan already supports a simple form of single-file library, but it has limitations that this DEP removes, specifically the inability to deal with import conflicts.

Goals#

Make it possible to use the full power of the Dylan module system to define a library in a single file.
Make all LID file options available in the single-file library format.
Introduce a minimum of new syntax. It should be obvious to someone already used to Dylan what’s going on.

Background#

A typical hello-world application written in Dylan might look like this:

hello-world.lid

Library: hello-world
Files: library.dylan
       hello-world.dylan

library.dylan

Module: dylan-user

define libary hello-world
  use common-dylan;
  use io;
end;

define module hello-world
  use common-dylan;
  use format-out;
end;

hello-world.dylan

Module: hello-world

format-out("Hello, world!\n")

A way to encode the same information into a regular dylan source file is needed. After the implementation of this DEP, the above library can be defined in a single source file, as follows:

hello-world.dylan

Module: hello-world

define libary hello-world
  use common-dylan;
  use io;
end;

define module hello-world
  use common-dylan;
  use format-out;
end;

format-out("Hello, world!\n")

This continues to use the standard Dylan Interchange Format as defined in the DRM, with a set of headers, followed by a blank line, followed by a code body.

Specification#

Replacing the LID File#

LID files have the same format as the header section of a Dylan Interchange Format source file. When defining a Dylan library in a single source file, all LID keywords may appear in the header section. The compiler or interpreter should handle them in the same way it would if they were in a separate .lid file. There is no conflict between the keywords used in LID files and those used in Dylan source files. See https://opendylan.org/documentation/library-reference/lid.html for existing Open Dylan LID file keywords.

Module Header#

The Module header is required in a single-source library.

Library Header#

The Library header is optional. If missing, the library name is the same as the module name specified by the Module header.

Note

This decision could have gone the other way, with Library required and Module optional. The rationale for this choice is that it is normal for each .dylan file to have a Module header already, so this is consistent with current practice.

Files Header#

The Files header should not appear in a single-file library. If present, the behavior is undefined.

Note

Rationale: an implementation could choose to point to a Dylan source file instead of a LID file in its build system. For example, in Open Dylan a “registry” file could point to a .dylan file instead of a .lid file and there’s no reason to prevent the .dylan file from including other Dylan source files. However, that is not part of this proposal.

Replacing library.dylan#

A single-file Dylan library is divided into three logical sections:

Dylan Interchange Format headers, including all headers that are allowed in Dylan source files or in LID files.
Library and module definitions (see below).
Main Dylan code

In the library and module definitions section of the source file normal Dylan code comments are allowed and there must be:

Exactly one define library expression and its name must match the name specified in the Library header (or the Module header if there is no Library header).
At least one define module expression whose name matches the Module header.
No other Dylan code.

The library and module definitions section ends when the first expression that is not a define library or define module is encountered.

The library and module definitions section is implicitly in the dylan-user module.

This construction allows the full power of Dylan’s module system to be used, for example defining both implementation and interface modules, exporting the implementation module for use by a (possibly also single-file) test library, etc.

Model Implementation#

A simple way to implement this proposal would be via the following source transformations. (Such a simplistic implementation is not recommended because it would cause problems mapping error messages back to the original source files, among other issues. This example is provided primarily to demonstrate that a single-file library has the same semantics as a multi-file library.)

Generate a library.dylan file containing the entire library and module definitions section, verbatim, but in the dylan-user module. Using the hello-world example from above, we generate:

------- file: library.dylan -------
Module: dylan-user

define libary hello-world
  use common-dylan;
  use io;
end;

define module hello-world
  use common-dylan;
  use format-out;
end;

Generate a “main.dylan” file containing the entire headers section and the entire main Dylan code section:
```
------- file: main.dylan -------
Module: hello-world

format-out("Hello, world!\n")
```
Generate a LID file that includes the entire headers section. Add a Library header matching the Module header if none was provided, and add “library.dylan” and “main.dylan” to the Files header:
```
------- file: hello-world.lid -------
Library: hello-world
Module: hello-world
Files: library.dylan
       main.dylan
```
Compile the generated LID file in the normal way.

Alternatives Considered#

The initial version of this DEP considered adding special Dylan Interchange Format headers (Use-library, Use-module, etc.) in which the library and module imports would be specified. That version was rejected because it did not allow the full power of Dylan’s module system to be used. See older revisions of this file for more detail.